C++ Interview Questions

The main difference between C and C++ are provided in the table below:

Inheritance is the process of creating new classes, called derived classes, from existing classes. These existing classes are called base classes. The derived classes inherit all the capabilities of the base class but can add new features and refinements of their own.

Example-

Class Bus, Class Car, and Class Truck inherit the properties of Class Vehicle.

The most important thing about inheritance is that it permits code reusability.

When a variable in a class is declared static, space for it is allocated for the lifetime of the program. No matter how many objects of that class have been created, there is only one copy of the static member. So same static member can be accessed by all the objects of that class.

A static member function can be called even if no objects of the class exist and the static function are accessed using only the class name and the scope resolution operator ::

A constructor is automatically called when an object is first created. Similarly when an object is destroyed a function called destructor automatically gets called. A destructor has the same name as the constructor (which is the same as the class name) but is preceded by a tilde.

Example:

class A{
 private:
  int val;
 public:
  A(int x){           
   val=x;
  }
  A(){                
  }
  ~A(){                  //destructor
  }
}
int main(){
 A a(3);     
 return 0;
}

A class is called an abstract class whose objects can never be created. Such a class exists as a parent for the derived classes. We can make a class abstract by placing a pure virtual function in the class.

In call by value method, we pass a copy of the parameter is passed to the functions. For these copied values a new memory is assigned and changes made to these values do not reflect the variable in the main function.

In call by reference method, we pass the address of the variable and the address is used to access the actual argument used in the function call. So changes made in the parameter alter the passing argument.

No destructor overloading is not possible. Destructors take no arguments, so there’s only one way to destroy an object. That’s the reason destructor overloading is not possible.

Abstraction is the process of showing the essential details to the user and hiding the details which we don’t want to show to the user or hiding the details which are irrelevant to a particular user.

A reference is like a pointer. It is another name of an already existing variable. Once a reference name is initialized with a variable, that variable can be accessed by the variable name or reference name both.

For example-

int x=10;
int &ref=x;           //reference variable

If we change the value of ref it will be reflected in x. Once a reference variable is initialized it cannot refer to any other variable. We can declare an array of pointers but an array of references is not possible.

If a function is inline, the compiler places a copy of the code of that function at each point where the function is called at compile time. One of the important advantages of using an inline function is that it eliminates the function calling overhead of a traditional function.

A friend class can access private, protected, and public members of other classes in which it is declared as friends.

Like friend class, friend function can also access private, protected, and public members. But, Friend functions are not member functions.

For example -

class A{
 private:
  int data_a;
 public:
  A(int x){
   data_a=x;
  }
  friend int fun(A, B);
}
class B{
 private:
  int data_b;
 public:
  A(int x){
   data_b=x;
  }
  friend int fun(A, B);
}
int fun(A a, B b){
 return a.data_a+b.data_b;
}
int main(){
 A a(10);
 B b(20);
 cout<<fun(a,b)<<endl;
 return 0;
}

Here we can access the private data of class A and class B.

The 4 data types in C++ are given below:

• Primitive Datatype(basic datatype). Example- char, short, int, float, long, double, bool, etc.
• Derived datatype. Example- array, pointer, etc.
• Enumeration. Example- enum
• User-defined data types. Example- structure, class, etc.

A class is a user-defined data type that has data members and member functions. Data members are the data variables and member functions are the functions that are used to perform operations on these variables.

An object is an instance of a class. Since a class is a user-defined data type so an object can also be called a variable of that data type.

A class is defined as-

class A{
private:
 int data;
public:
 void fun(){

 }
};

For example, the following is a class car that can have properties like name, color, etc. and they can have methods like speed().

In C++ a structure is the same as a class except for a few differences like security. The difference between struct and class are given below:

Operator Overloading is a very essential element to perform the operations on user-defined data types. By operator overloading we can modify the default meaning to the operators like +, -, *, /, <=, etc. 

For example -

The following code is for adding two complex number using operator overloading-

class complex{
private:
 float r, i;
public:
 complex(float r, float i){
  this->r=r;
  this->i=i;
 }
 complex(){}
 void displaydata(){
  cout<<”real part = “<<r<<endl;
  cout<<”imaginary part = “<<i<<endl;
 }
 complex operator+(complex c){
  return complex(r+c.r, i+c.i);
 }
};
int main(){
complex a(2,3);
complex b(3,4);
complex c=a+b;
c.displaydata();
return 0;
}

Polymorphism in simple means having many forms. Its behavior is different in different situations. And this occurs when we have multiple classes that are related to each other by inheritance.

For example, think of a base class called a car that has a method called car brand(). Derived classes of cars could be Mercedes, BMW, Audi - And they also have their own implementation of a cars

The two types of polymorphism in c++ are:

• Compile Time Polymorphism
• Runtime Polymorphism

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The constructor is a member function that is executed automatically whenever an object is created. Constructors have the same name as the class of which they are members so that compiler knows that the member function is a constructor. And no return type is used for constructors.

Example:

class A{
 private:
  int val;
 public:
  A(int x){             //one argument constructor
   val=x;
  }
  A(){                    //zero argument constructor
  }
}
int main(){
 A a(3);     

 return 0;
}

Virtual function is a member function in the base class that you redefine in a derived class. A virtual function is declared using the virtual keyword. When the function is made virtual, C++ determines which function is to be invoked at the runtime based on the type of the object pointed by the base class pointer.

The main difference between compile-time and runtime polymorphism is provided below:

int add(int a, int b){
      return a+b;
}
int add(int a, int b, int c){
      return a+b+c;
}

int main(){
    cout<<add(2,3)<<endl;
    cout<<add(2,3,4)<<endl;


     return 0;
}

class A{
     public:
          virtual void fun(){
               cout<<"base ";
          }
};
class B: public A{
     public:
          void fun(){
               cout<<"derived ";
          }
};
int main(){
     A *a=new B;
     a->fun();

     return 0;
}

In C++ there are the following access specifiers:

Public: All data members and member functions are accessible outside the class.

Protected: All data members and member functions are accessible inside the class and to the derived class.

Private: All data members and member functions are not accessible outside the class.

A copy constructor is a member function that initializes an object using another object of the same class.

Example-

class A{
int x,y;
A(int x, int y){
 this->x=x;
 this->y=y;
}

};
int main(){
A a1(2,3);
A a2=a1;     //default copy constructor is called
return 0;
}

We can define our copy constructor. If we don’t define a copy constructor then the default copy constructor is called.

The difference between shallow copy and a deep copy is given below:

A virtual function is a member function in the base class that you redefine in a derived class. It is declared using the virtual keyword.

Example-

class base{
public:
 virtual void fun(){

 }
};

A pure virtual function is a function that has no implementation and is declared by assigning 0. It has no body.

Example-

class base{
public:
 virtual void fun()=0;
};

Here, = sign has got nothing to do with the assignment, and value 0 is not assigned to anything. It is used to simply tell the compiler that a function will be pure and it will not have anybody.

The derived class has two parts, a base part, and a derived part.  When C++ constructs derived objects, it does so in phases. First, the most-base class(at the top of the inheritance tree) is constructed. Then each child class is constructed in order until the most-child class is constructed last. 
So the first Constructor of class B will be called and then the constructor of class D will be called.

During the destruction exactly reverse order is followed. That is destructor starts at the most-derived class and works its way down to base class.
So the first destructor of class D will be called and then the destructor of class B will be called.

Yes, we can call a virtual function from a constructor. But the behavior is a little different in this case. When a virtual function is called, the virtual call is resolved at runtime. It is always the member function of the current class that gets called. That is the virtual machine doesn’t work within the constructor.

For example-

class base{
 private:
  int value;
 public:
  base(int x){
   value=x;
  }
  virtual void fun(){
   
  }
}

class derived{
 private:
  int a;
 public:
  derived(int x, int y):base(x){
   base *b;
   b=this;
   b->fun();      //calls derived::fun()
  }
  void fun(){
   cout<<”fun inside derived class”<<endl;
  }
}

A void pointer is a pointer which is having no datatype associated with it. It can hold addresses of any type.

For example-

void *ptr; 
char *str;
p=str;                // no error 
str=p;                // error because of type mismatch

We can assign a pointer of any type to a void pointer but the reverse is not true unless you typecast it as

str=(char*) ptr;

The member functions of every object have a pointer named this, which points to the object itself. The value of this is set to the address of the object for which it is called. It can be used to access the data in the object it points to.

Example

class A{
 private:
  int value;
 public:
  void setvalue(int x){
   this->value=x; 
  }
};

int main(){
 A a;
 a.setvalue(5);
 return 0;
}

The new operator is used for memory allocation and deletes operator is used for memory deallocation in C++.

For example-

int value=new int;  		//allocates memory for storing 1 integer
delete value;          		// deallocates memory taken by value

int *arr=new int[10];    	//allocates memory for storing 10 int
delete []arr;              	// deallocates memory occupied by arr

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